BIOLOGY
Crime Scene Investigation
The purpose of this project was to learn about different cell structures and how crime investigation is properly completed. The learning experiences I took from this project, were the mitochondrial DNA cell information and how to properly get away with murder. In this project, we learned how to blood type which consists of learning how to identify different blood types and finding the culprit or victim through these blood types. Then we learned the art of anthropology which is the study of bones. This science helps forensic anthropologists find the suspect or victim. This also shows anthropologists how the victim died. We then continued to discover how to process DNA. As parter number 2, my role was to find mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial is the powerhouse of all cells. This cell can only be transferred from mother to her children. My take away from this project is not only my understanding of cell reproduction and transformation, but also how to successfully murder a person without being caught and/or just knowing how they caught me.
Two best reports
Report: #2 Gabe
Garcia
Crime Scene: #2 10/7/14
Forensic science used: Mitochondrial DNA
Summary of the Science:
The understanding and finding of mitochondrial DNA has helped humankind by being able to now, match a child to his/ her mother. Human eggs are full of mitochondria, while sperm have roughly a hundred, the sperm ,it swims towards the egg. After fertilisation, when the sperm penetrates the moist egg, these few male mitochondria are immediately obliterated. This means that, while we all receive our nuclear DNA, with the exception of the X and Y sex chromosomes, from both parents, we get all of our DNA from our mothers. In order to confirm the identity of a child or a person with a living mother, mitochondrial analysis is needed. Mitochondrial DNA was discovered in the 1960s by Margit M. K. Nass and Sylvan Nass.
Most DNA is inside chromosomes within a nucleus but mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA. This genetic material is known as mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria are built within cells that convert the energy from delicious food into a form that cells can use. Each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria, which are located in the water substance, fluid that surrounds the nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is normally round with gelatin surrounding it. Also the mitochondrial cell contains 37 genes that produce 7 proteins. In humans, mitochondrial DNA is known as the smallest chromosome coding for 37 genes and containing approximately 16,600 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. In most species, especially humans, mtDNA is inherited from the mother only. Finding the mitochondrial DNA can identify the mother of a victim or suspect.
Garcia
Crime Scene: #2 10/7/14
Forensic science used: Mitochondrial DNA
Summary of the Science:
The understanding and finding of mitochondrial DNA has helped humankind by being able to now, match a child to his/ her mother. Human eggs are full of mitochondria, while sperm have roughly a hundred, the sperm ,it swims towards the egg. After fertilisation, when the sperm penetrates the moist egg, these few male mitochondria are immediately obliterated. This means that, while we all receive our nuclear DNA, with the exception of the X and Y sex chromosomes, from both parents, we get all of our DNA from our mothers. In order to confirm the identity of a child or a person with a living mother, mitochondrial analysis is needed. Mitochondrial DNA was discovered in the 1960s by Margit M. K. Nass and Sylvan Nass.
Most DNA is inside chromosomes within a nucleus but mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA. This genetic material is known as mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria are built within cells that convert the energy from delicious food into a form that cells can use. Each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria, which are located in the water substance, fluid that surrounds the nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is normally round with gelatin surrounding it. Also the mitochondrial cell contains 37 genes that produce 7 proteins. In humans, mitochondrial DNA is known as the smallest chromosome coding for 37 genes and containing approximately 16,600 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. In most species, especially humans, mtDNA is inherited from the mother only. Finding the mitochondrial DNA can identify the mother of a victim or suspect.
Blood Typing
Gabe Garcia
10/26/14
Blood typing as a less expensive alternative to DNA Processing and gives different information that helps eliminate first suspects. In order to solve crimes, detectives would have a much more rigorous almost guessing game to find who was a suspect and then had to find evidence to prosecute them. In 1900 Paul Uhlenhuth conducted a series of experiments that started a revolution towards a major advancement in medical application and came before the CSI application. Paul Uhlenhuth created a liquid to react to human blood and ultimately show what blood type that person is. Scientists and physicians discovered the typing of blood following the misfortunes involved with early blood transfusions. The death of these patients led to the realization that blood, in fact, existed in different types, including A, B, O and the AB. If a patient is given a large amount of blood out of their blood category the effects could be feeling sick, or ultimately dying.
Blood typing is an effective way to find a victim or a suspect. Blood typing can be utilized in forensics to help find who could have done the crime or has been assaulted. This process consists of having the blood from either victim or suspect and dropping it into tubes filled with a liquid and seeing what type of blood their veins shelter. Blood typing also shows what kind of blood to give a person if they are hurt or generally in need of blood. If given the wrong blood for instance, if a patient with blood type AB+ is given blood of the type O-, in a small dose the person will be sick as the defender cells attack the unknown substance which is the O- blood. If given a large amount the patient can be put into paralysis and or die. The defender cells in our body flow through our body looking for problems and if blood on which is poorly chosen to be put into our body is found the cells attack and try to get rid of the contaminate. This results in blood poisoning and sick feelings. In a large quantity the blood is too much for our defender cells to attack and generally our body shuts down and dies therefor kneeling before the enemy.
The process of blood typing consists of having viles of the blood and a person to fit that blood. There are vials of anti bodies to show which blood they will attack or except. A drop of blood is put into a vile and it turns red meaning this type of blood is compatible with the other blood defender cells. A second drop is put into the second vile and the blood does something interesting. It forms into a small ball as to be conforming the its surroundings and becoming hostile towards the cells. This means that type of blood is not compatible with these kind of cells meaning if given this blood in a transfusion death or sickness would accrue. A third drop into the third vial is carefully dropped and the blood
spreads through the cells as the first had done proving compatible with the cells in the vile.
For example the first and third vial was B+ and A+ but the second vial was O+. The large amount of blood cells dropped into the first and third vial was accepted generously into the veins as a friend to a friend's house. The blood in the second vial was not excepted like an intruder to the friend's house. This result shows that the patient is most likely A+ and can except positive and negative blood types like it but doesnt except O+. In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh negative patients, and Rh Positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients. The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type. The universal plasma donor has Type AB positive blood type. This information matters in forensics for the purpose of knowing who a person was due to their blood type. Also forensic analysts can determine who the mother of the victim or suspect by obtaining the mitochondrial DNA cell on which will present the mother because the mitochondrial DNA cell is only transmitted from mother to offspring.
The advancements of blood typing has helped several cases of exonerations, identifying victims and suspects.
Gabe Garcia
10/26/14
Blood typing as a less expensive alternative to DNA Processing and gives different information that helps eliminate first suspects. In order to solve crimes, detectives would have a much more rigorous almost guessing game to find who was a suspect and then had to find evidence to prosecute them. In 1900 Paul Uhlenhuth conducted a series of experiments that started a revolution towards a major advancement in medical application and came before the CSI application. Paul Uhlenhuth created a liquid to react to human blood and ultimately show what blood type that person is. Scientists and physicians discovered the typing of blood following the misfortunes involved with early blood transfusions. The death of these patients led to the realization that blood, in fact, existed in different types, including A, B, O and the AB. If a patient is given a large amount of blood out of their blood category the effects could be feeling sick, or ultimately dying.
Blood typing is an effective way to find a victim or a suspect. Blood typing can be utilized in forensics to help find who could have done the crime or has been assaulted. This process consists of having the blood from either victim or suspect and dropping it into tubes filled with a liquid and seeing what type of blood their veins shelter. Blood typing also shows what kind of blood to give a person if they are hurt or generally in need of blood. If given the wrong blood for instance, if a patient with blood type AB+ is given blood of the type O-, in a small dose the person will be sick as the defender cells attack the unknown substance which is the O- blood. If given a large amount the patient can be put into paralysis and or die. The defender cells in our body flow through our body looking for problems and if blood on which is poorly chosen to be put into our body is found the cells attack and try to get rid of the contaminate. This results in blood poisoning and sick feelings. In a large quantity the blood is too much for our defender cells to attack and generally our body shuts down and dies therefor kneeling before the enemy.
The process of blood typing consists of having viles of the blood and a person to fit that blood. There are vials of anti bodies to show which blood they will attack or except. A drop of blood is put into a vile and it turns red meaning this type of blood is compatible with the other blood defender cells. A second drop is put into the second vile and the blood does something interesting. It forms into a small ball as to be conforming the its surroundings and becoming hostile towards the cells. This means that type of blood is not compatible with these kind of cells meaning if given this blood in a transfusion death or sickness would accrue. A third drop into the third vial is carefully dropped and the blood
spreads through the cells as the first had done proving compatible with the cells in the vile.
For example the first and third vial was B+ and A+ but the second vial was O+. The large amount of blood cells dropped into the first and third vial was accepted generously into the veins as a friend to a friend's house. The blood in the second vial was not excepted like an intruder to the friend's house. This result shows that the patient is most likely A+ and can except positive and negative blood types like it but doesnt except O+. In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh negative patients, and Rh Positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients. The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type. The universal plasma donor has Type AB positive blood type. This information matters in forensics for the purpose of knowing who a person was due to their blood type. Also forensic analysts can determine who the mother of the victim or suspect by obtaining the mitochondrial DNA cell on which will present the mother because the mitochondrial DNA cell is only transmitted from mother to offspring.
The advancements of blood typing has helped several cases of exonerations, identifying victims and suspects.
Forensics
Paragraph 1 of the crime scene project
The crime scene project was fun but had its ups and downs as every project does. We started the project learning about DNA and exoneration.
A large amount of time and energy went into learning about how DNA helps our justice system. DNA advances our justice system by not only making it impossible to mistake a DNA match and find a victim or perp but it also creates less guessing and evidence gathering other than DNA necessary.
A large amount of time and energy went into learning about how DNA helps our justice system. DNA advances our justice system by not only making it impossible to mistake a DNA match and find a victim or perp but it also creates less guessing and evidence gathering other than DNA necessary.
Paragraph 2 of the crime scene project
The understanding and finding of mitochondrial DNA has helped humankind by being able to now, match a child to his/ her mother. Human eggs are full of mitochondria, while sperm have roughly a hundred, the sperm ,it swims towards the egg. After fertilisation, when the sperm penetrates the moist egg, these few male mitochondria are immediately obliterated. This means that, while we all receive our nuclear DNA, with the exception of the X and Y sex chromosomes, from both parents, we get all of our DNA from our mothers. In order to confirm the identity of a child or a person with a living mother, mitochondrial analysis is needed. Mitochondrial DNA was discovered in the 1960s by Margit M. K. Nass and Sylvan Nass.
Dissection Reflection
What animal did you choose to dissect and why?
I chose to dissect the shark because I heard it was the most exotic, interesting, and overall disgusting so I was immediately Intrigued.
What did you learn about the animal through this dissection?
I learned that sharks have really interesting bodies. The three large livers that take up the entire upper body and the intestines that are much simpler than ours and very evolved for the eating habits of a shark. Each new disgusting thing I found in the shark was more and more interesting like the liver secretes oil to keep the shark buoyant in the water.
What did you learn about yourself during this dissection?
I discovered in myself that I really love hands on science and biology because its so interesting knowing what things do inside our bodies and being able to explain in detail and cut open these things without being thought of as a future serial killer really makes my day. Also that I cant hold down sushi unless i've been out of the lab for at least 72 hours.
I chose to dissect the shark because I heard it was the most exotic, interesting, and overall disgusting so I was immediately Intrigued.
What did you learn about the animal through this dissection?
I learned that sharks have really interesting bodies. The three large livers that take up the entire upper body and the intestines that are much simpler than ours and very evolved for the eating habits of a shark. Each new disgusting thing I found in the shark was more and more interesting like the liver secretes oil to keep the shark buoyant in the water.
What did you learn about yourself during this dissection?
I discovered in myself that I really love hands on science and biology because its so interesting knowing what things do inside our bodies and being able to explain in detail and cut open these things without being thought of as a future serial killer really makes my day. Also that I cant hold down sushi unless i've been out of the lab for at least 72 hours.
Honey Bee Project Reflection
Why are bees important?
Honey bees are important because they pollinate fruits, nuts, flowers, and generally keep everything alive one way or another. Without them, there wouldn't be any pure honey and we would loose billions of dollars towards markets and growth of our economy, for how in the toilet it is, would drop and money would drain from everywhere in the world while fruits and things they pollinate would increase by a lot of money.
Whats happening to them?
Bees are dying from the pesticides and still unknown factors, making them produce less honey and nectar and then die eventually.
Honey bees are not being thought of enough by the people who spread pesticides and in return are disappearing making fruit prices go up every year even by a small percent. This small percent could determine who eats fruit and who doesn't eventually.
Whats your project?
For my project I was studying the flight patterns and the way bees fly. My research showed that bees use their wings in a circular pattern and make small hurricane like wind tunnels underneath their wings. These small hurricanes make the bee easily fly and even when the bee falls out of the sky, the bee will survive because the hurricanes keep its wings up and hovering so they fall at a small rate. To show this I made a sky lantern in the shape of a bees nest with bees all over it and set it off at exhibition. When the bag supporting the paper got too hot, the lantern lit on fire and exploded in the sky and fell down in a fiery ball of bee.
Honey bees are important because they pollinate fruits, nuts, flowers, and generally keep everything alive one way or another. Without them, there wouldn't be any pure honey and we would loose billions of dollars towards markets and growth of our economy, for how in the toilet it is, would drop and money would drain from everywhere in the world while fruits and things they pollinate would increase by a lot of money.
Whats happening to them?
Bees are dying from the pesticides and still unknown factors, making them produce less honey and nectar and then die eventually.
Honey bees are not being thought of enough by the people who spread pesticides and in return are disappearing making fruit prices go up every year even by a small percent. This small percent could determine who eats fruit and who doesn't eventually.
Whats your project?
For my project I was studying the flight patterns and the way bees fly. My research showed that bees use their wings in a circular pattern and make small hurricane like wind tunnels underneath their wings. These small hurricanes make the bee easily fly and even when the bee falls out of the sky, the bee will survive because the hurricanes keep its wings up and hovering so they fall at a small rate. To show this I made a sky lantern in the shape of a bees nest with bees all over it and set it off at exhibition. When the bag supporting the paper got too hot, the lantern lit on fire and exploded in the sky and fell down in a fiery ball of bee.
Research Notes
Gabe Garcia
Bumble Bee Resource Research
"Bumblebee Flight Does Not Violate the Laws of Physics." Today I Found Out. N.p., 31 July 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.
Bumble bees not being able to fly is false.
The way the wings move ensure flight rather than other flying animals where as they fly with wings flapping up and down.
In 1934 there was a book published, Le vol des insectes, that theorized that bees should not be able to fly.
Bees fly in a way that utilizes mini hurricanes.
Bees have so little drag when flying that military scientists have been trying to make a robotic insect that does the same.
This source has facts and interesting information that I can incorporate into my finished piece.
My flying lantern bee is in need of alot of information on how the bee wings works and the physics of the bee. On my lantern will be facts about the bee and how it works in general.
The way my lantern works is just by floating but knowing this general information on bees will make my regurgitation of information to people watching my lantern launch will be quite a better experience. Bees in the 1930s were thought as defyers of physics and scientists couldnt figure out how they fly. Its all in the wings for the bee to dance. As their wings move up around and back forward they imitate mini hurricanes under the bee wing.
1.“As to the origin, it’s always possible, albeit somewhat unlikely, that a drunken scientist did indeed make a “back of an envelope (in some versions it’s a napkin) calculation” that proved bee’s shouldn’t be able to fly. An origin theory with a tad more documented evidence behind it, pins it on a French book published in 1934, Le vol des insectes, which makes passing reference to that fact that simple calculations yield a result that suggests insects, not just bumblebees, shouldn’t be able to fly. Some say it was German physicist Ludwig Prandtl who was responsible for popularising and spreading the myth amongst his peers, whereas others claim that the original calculations were made by one Jakob Ackeret, a Swiss gas dynamicist ” (Smallwood doc1).
2. “So, around 80 years ago a scientist or mathematician of some sort made a rough, mistake filled calculation that claimed bees couldn’t fly. Fast forward almost a century and scientists today are still trying to erase that mistake from the public consciousness with increasingly complex experiments to prove the simple fact that bumblebees can, in fact, fly, and that this doesn’t violate any of our understanding of the laws of physics” (Smallwood doc 1).
3. To find this out, scientists have conducted a variety of tests using bees, the most awesome one being by Chinese scientist, Lijiang Zeng and his team, who devised system comprised of lasers and tiny mirrors glued to bees back in 2001. This experiment was deemed superior to previous tests, as it didn’t need to use tethered bees (which fly differently) and because it contained lasers, which is of course super cool” (Smallwood doc 1).
Goudarzi, By Sara. "Scientists Finally Figure Out How Bees Fly." LiveScience. TechMediaNetwork, 09 Jan. 2006. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.
Bees have rapid wing beat.
As a bee gets bigger its flaps its wings faster which is odd because when insects get small their wings tend to move much quicker due to aerodynamic performance.
Because of this wing speed increase bees can carry cargo twice their size and weight.
Bees way of flying is more exotic than any other animal.
These are facts that are going on my project as facts that people can read before I set it on fire and watch it go up.
Many people don't understand how bees fly and how they move to get those fat bodies into the air. My project will give information and a fun side of watching a honey bee lantern fly into the air and most likely explode into a fiery ball of tape and chopsticks.
From this information I gained a want to show people what i've learned while entertaining them so they don't get bored.
1. "The honeybees have a rapid wing beat," Altshuler told LiveScience. "In contrast to the fruit fly that has one eightieth the body size and flaps its wings 200 times each second, the much larger honeybee flaps its wings 230 times every second."
2. "And this was just for hovering," Altshuler said of the bees. "They also have to transfer pollen and nectar and carry large loads, sometimes as much as their body mass, for the rest of the colony."
"The Secrets of Bee Flight | Latest Features | Physics.org." The Secrets of Bee Flight | Latest Features | Physics.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.
When a bee flies the small vortex of air that forms under the wing keep it easily afloat.
Bees are dying and understanding how they work could give us a way of helping the bees like making them fly other ways out of danger.
Bees are the reason for insect robots being created by the military in 2001.
This source is interesting because it just gives me another source that agrees with my other sources making my evidence legitimate. My bees body will be correctly sized to fit its wings as a real bee would be. For my project i’m working hard to make my lantern actually physically correct, the only things my bee won't have his legs and a stinger.
1. “As a bee takes flight, air swirls in a tight circle, a vortex, over the leading edge of the wing. ‘The vortex is a low pressure region above the wing, and it sucks the wing upwards,’ explains Ellington. This is what gives the bee the extra bit of lift it needs to buzz around from flower to flower.”
2. “It’s just like if you move a spoon through a cup of coffee: you’ll see the flow swirl around the sharp edge,’ continues Ellington. ‘If you move the spoon quickly, you’ll actually see a dimple at the centre of the vortex caused by the lower pressure.”
Bumble Bee Resource Research
"Bumblebee Flight Does Not Violate the Laws of Physics." Today I Found Out. N.p., 31 July 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.
Bumble bees not being able to fly is false.
The way the wings move ensure flight rather than other flying animals where as they fly with wings flapping up and down.
In 1934 there was a book published, Le vol des insectes, that theorized that bees should not be able to fly.
Bees fly in a way that utilizes mini hurricanes.
Bees have so little drag when flying that military scientists have been trying to make a robotic insect that does the same.
This source has facts and interesting information that I can incorporate into my finished piece.
My flying lantern bee is in need of alot of information on how the bee wings works and the physics of the bee. On my lantern will be facts about the bee and how it works in general.
The way my lantern works is just by floating but knowing this general information on bees will make my regurgitation of information to people watching my lantern launch will be quite a better experience. Bees in the 1930s were thought as defyers of physics and scientists couldnt figure out how they fly. Its all in the wings for the bee to dance. As their wings move up around and back forward they imitate mini hurricanes under the bee wing.
1.“As to the origin, it’s always possible, albeit somewhat unlikely, that a drunken scientist did indeed make a “back of an envelope (in some versions it’s a napkin) calculation” that proved bee’s shouldn’t be able to fly. An origin theory with a tad more documented evidence behind it, pins it on a French book published in 1934, Le vol des insectes, which makes passing reference to that fact that simple calculations yield a result that suggests insects, not just bumblebees, shouldn’t be able to fly. Some say it was German physicist Ludwig Prandtl who was responsible for popularising and spreading the myth amongst his peers, whereas others claim that the original calculations were made by one Jakob Ackeret, a Swiss gas dynamicist ” (Smallwood doc1).
2. “So, around 80 years ago a scientist or mathematician of some sort made a rough, mistake filled calculation that claimed bees couldn’t fly. Fast forward almost a century and scientists today are still trying to erase that mistake from the public consciousness with increasingly complex experiments to prove the simple fact that bumblebees can, in fact, fly, and that this doesn’t violate any of our understanding of the laws of physics” (Smallwood doc 1).
3. To find this out, scientists have conducted a variety of tests using bees, the most awesome one being by Chinese scientist, Lijiang Zeng and his team, who devised system comprised of lasers and tiny mirrors glued to bees back in 2001. This experiment was deemed superior to previous tests, as it didn’t need to use tethered bees (which fly differently) and because it contained lasers, which is of course super cool” (Smallwood doc 1).
Goudarzi, By Sara. "Scientists Finally Figure Out How Bees Fly." LiveScience. TechMediaNetwork, 09 Jan. 2006. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.
Bees have rapid wing beat.
As a bee gets bigger its flaps its wings faster which is odd because when insects get small their wings tend to move much quicker due to aerodynamic performance.
Because of this wing speed increase bees can carry cargo twice their size and weight.
Bees way of flying is more exotic than any other animal.
These are facts that are going on my project as facts that people can read before I set it on fire and watch it go up.
Many people don't understand how bees fly and how they move to get those fat bodies into the air. My project will give information and a fun side of watching a honey bee lantern fly into the air and most likely explode into a fiery ball of tape and chopsticks.
From this information I gained a want to show people what i've learned while entertaining them so they don't get bored.
1. "The honeybees have a rapid wing beat," Altshuler told LiveScience. "In contrast to the fruit fly that has one eightieth the body size and flaps its wings 200 times each second, the much larger honeybee flaps its wings 230 times every second."
2. "And this was just for hovering," Altshuler said of the bees. "They also have to transfer pollen and nectar and carry large loads, sometimes as much as their body mass, for the rest of the colony."
"The Secrets of Bee Flight | Latest Features | Physics.org." The Secrets of Bee Flight | Latest Features | Physics.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.
When a bee flies the small vortex of air that forms under the wing keep it easily afloat.
Bees are dying and understanding how they work could give us a way of helping the bees like making them fly other ways out of danger.
Bees are the reason for insect robots being created by the military in 2001.
This source is interesting because it just gives me another source that agrees with my other sources making my evidence legitimate. My bees body will be correctly sized to fit its wings as a real bee would be. For my project i’m working hard to make my lantern actually physically correct, the only things my bee won't have his legs and a stinger.
1. “As a bee takes flight, air swirls in a tight circle, a vortex, over the leading edge of the wing. ‘The vortex is a low pressure region above the wing, and it sucks the wing upwards,’ explains Ellington. This is what gives the bee the extra bit of lift it needs to buzz around from flower to flower.”
2. “It’s just like if you move a spoon through a cup of coffee: you’ll see the flow swirl around the sharp edge,’ continues Ellington. ‘If you move the spoon quickly, you’ll actually see a dimple at the centre of the vortex caused by the lower pressure.”